CTLA4 and cancer: Ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab molecules, targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1), respectively, have shown potent efficacy in cancer immunotherapy [30], therefore providing a solid basis for developing similar immunotherapeutic agents for HIV-1-infected individuals.