Intriguing, we revealed multiple loss-of-function mutations in TRAF3, CYLD, NFKBIA and TNFAIP3. Such a feature of multiple loss-of-function mutations of NF-κB pathway regulators, leading to activation of NF-κB pathway, has been recently reported in NPC [15,24]. Here, TRAF3 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.