However, serum S100A12 was lower in patients with active LN, and a similar trend was previously observed (using FlexMap3D technology) in plasma for patients with SLE with a history of LN.35 Reduced urine S100A12 levels in the cohort including all patients with SLE (with or without active LN) and the observation that patients with SLE having active LN have lower serum S100A12 levels when compared with patients with SLE having no/inactive LN may be attributed to renal loss of S100A12 in patients with associated active LN which make up for a significant proportion of the study cohort (35%). Here, S100A12 is linked to lobular neoplasia.