TP53 and cancer: Since then, numerous studies, including those using cell culture systems and mouse models and clinical studies, have shown that many missense mutp53 proteins display GOF activities to promote cancer progression, which is independent of wild-type p53 (Freed-Pastor and Prives, 2012; Muller and Vousden, 2013; Yue et al., 2017b; Mantovani et al., 2019).