INS and diabetes mellitus: In the replication HKDB cohort including 3,939 patients (mean age 60.9 ± 10.9 years; 59.5% men; median duration of diabetes 7 [IQR: 3–13] years), 172 (4.4%) progressed to insulin use during a median follow-up period of 1.9 (IQR: 1.5–2.3) years.