It could be postulated that a decreased ratio of IGF-1:IGFBP-3 could result in anti-cancer properties as IGF-1 has been found to be pro-oncogenic and IGFBP-3 was found to be anti-oncogenic and pro-apoptotic in in vitro prostate cancer models by attenuating angiogenesis and vascular growth [42,43]. Here, IGFBP3 is linked to cancer.