The tat induces the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which attracts monocytes to the site of infection and induces the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa- B (NF-κB) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [77,78]. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is infection.