EIF4E and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Skeletal muscle hyperammonemia of liver cirrhosis [142,190], lung emphysema, pulmonary hypertension and inflammation, lung alterations in COPD, and development of a variety of heart failure clinical manifestations including acute myocardial infarction all involve pathogenic mTORC1 signaling and eIF4E regulation [199,203,204,205,206].