TGFB1 and cancer: Although not a proper pro-inflammatory signal, Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) deserves attention in this context since it is a multifunctional cytokine that, on one hand, can induce apoptosis and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells as well as wound healing and, on the other hand, has a role in cancer [56], acting through the binding to its receptors TGFβR1 and TGFβR2.