Furthermore, the interaction between TGFβ/SMAD4 pathway and other well established pathways such as MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT) and WNT/β-catenin pathways [62] support the importance of SMAD4 in OSA complications. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.