HSP90α is able to promote the phosphorylation of Protein kinase B (AKT) in Thr308, P38, and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, which are known downstream non-Smad-pathways of TGFβ1 signaling and participate in the development of pulmonary fibrosis [66]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.