Extracellular S100A4 in the TME induces the release of pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10)), which then converts monocytes into tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), resulting in metastasis and drug resistance [97]. Here, S100A4 is linked to neoplasm.