Whereas dietary milk-derived OPN has not been studied in this context, endogenous OPN synthesis has been shown to play an important role in re-myelination for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease [19], and brain astrocytes have been shown to upregulate expression of OPN during re-myelination processes in mice, suggesting it may be involved in a repair-related role [20]. Here, SPP1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.