TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, CAFs have been shown to secrete C-C motif ligand-(CCL)-2, -5 and -7 and CXCL-16, which in turn promote metastasis to bone, brain and lung in SCID mice via the activation of the TGF-β pathway [93], thus stressing the wide array of pathways activated by the crosstalk between CAFs and the tumor.