A combination of exome-wide and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to the identification of five loci (rs738409 in PNPLA3 (4), rs58542926 near TM6SF2 (5), rs72613567 in HSD17B13 (6), rs641738 near TMC4-MBOAT7 (7–9) and rs2642438 in MTARC1 (10)) linked to NASH (11), fibrosis (12) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (13) in patients with NAFLD. Here, PNPLA3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.