TYR and prostate carcinoma: Inhibits copper containing enzymes tyrosinase and dopamine β-hydroxylase (Hashiguch and Takahashi, 1976), shown to re-activate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and reduce renal fibrosis in a rat model of renal ablation (Yu et al., 2012), blocks proliferation in prostate carcinoma cells (Chung et al., 2012) and breast cancer cells (Kulp and Vulliet, 1996)