Lactobacillus helveticus and L. rhamnosus have been shown to prevent and treat C. rodentium-induced colitis in mice, which is correlated with the downregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ, enhanced transcription of IL-10 and FOXP3, and increased follicular T-regulatory cells (27). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.