For example, neutrophils, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cancer cells, and endothelial cells cultured in the medium supplemented with AAT all show cytoplasmic immunostaining for AAT (Sohrab et al., 2009; Janciauskiene et al., 2011; Jonigk et al., 2013; Ercetin et al., 2019). Here, SERPINA1 is linked to cancer.