In order to determine if neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes are induced in ALS, we first performed RNAscope in situ hybridization against the neuroinflammatory astrocyte reactivity marker C3 and saw widespread C3 upregulation in astrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice, with the appearance and severity of activation correlating with the onset of symptoms and known progression of neuronal pathology (Fig. 1a, b, Supplementary Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene C3 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.