HIF1A and infection: Pathogens such as influenza virus [123], vaccinia virus (VACV) [100], Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [141] and hepatitis B virus (HBV) [153] have been shown to stabilize HIF1α after infection to stimulate the transcription of hypoxia inducible genes, even under normoxic conditions (Fig. 1, Table 3).