TNF and atherosclerosis: Most of them—e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); IL-6: interleukin (IL-6)—have pro-inflammatory properties and have been associated with vascular and atherothrombotic complications in atherosclerosis, since they influence the function of endothelial cells, arterial smooth muscle cells, and macrophages in the vessel walls [19,20,21,22,23].