PDCD1 and neoplasm: In our study, the obvious explanation for the favourable effect of positive PD-L1IC and PD-1 would be the close association of PD-1/PD-L1 expression with a large amount of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, so that PD-1/PD-L1 expression rather reflects enhanced host immune reaction against tumour cells, which is balanced by tumour-derived immune suppression.