Zulueta and colleagues showed that treatment of IB3-1 CF cell line, (an in vitro human model of CF), with EV derived from human lung MSC under basal and inflammatory conditions (TNFα stimulation) downregulated transcription and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and upregulated the mRNA expression of PPARγ (a transcription factor controlling anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms via NF-kB and HO-1). Here, NFKB1 is linked to cystic fibrosis.