Additionally, in accordance with the previous study which showed that PD effectively inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha (Hu et al., 2009), PD treatment also decreased IL-8 and ICAM-1 induced by E. coli infection in our work (Figure 2D). Here, CXCL8 is linked to escherichia coli infection.