The 10 inflammatory biomarkers were measured in all study participants, including CRP (C-reactive protein), CCL22, CXCL13, CXCL9, TNFRII (Tumor necrosis factor receptor II), IL-1b (interleukin 1 beta), IL-6 (interleukin 6), IL-10, IFN-r (interferon-gamma), and TGF-a (transforming growth factor alpha), and they were previously reported to be associated with lung cancer (13–18). This evidence concerns the gene TGFA and lung cancer.