CD4 and influenza: Our data suggest that the observed protection against influenza after vaccination with CD8α ALN-1 is mediated by equally strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, which is in accordance with the recent work of Lapuente et al., who demonstrated that WT IL-1β induces both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells against influenza NP and proved, in FTY720 experiments, that these TRM cells are necessary and sufficient to control viral replication at the mucosal site of infection24.