In vitro: Anti-PD-L1 (Clone 12A4) enhanced viral specific CD8 T cell response (21).  Anti-PD-L1 (Clone MIH1) promoted HIV- specific CD4 T cell proliferation (116). BMS-936559 not reported (212).In vivo (SIV):Avelumab together with rhIL-15 expanded a subset of polyfunctional CD8 T cells and potential to traffic (223). Avelumab slightly delayed viral rebound after ART interruption (222). BMS-936559 induced delayed viral rebound in 4 of 8 RMs (225) In vivo (HIV):BMS-936559 (NCT02028403) increased cytokine production in some HIV infected patients without malignancy (224). Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.