CTLA4 and viral infectious disease: In vivo Anti-CTLA4 (BNI3) restored HIV-specific CD4 T cell function (13).  Anti-CTLA4 (BNI3) blocked Treg mediated inhibition of actin polymerization, DC maturation, viral infection (226). In vivo(SIV): Anti-CTLA4 (MDX-010) decreased HIV RNA in lymph node and enhanced HIV-specific effector T cell function (227).  Anti-CTLA4 (MDX-010) induced T cell activation and viral replication especially at mucosal site (228).In vivo (HIV):Ipilimumab (NCT03407105) showed inconsistent change on HIV RNA in viremic HIV- infected patients without malignancy (230).