In a Phase 1/2 trial, addition of the TLR-9 agonist IMO-2125 (tilsotolimod) to ipilimumab revived the immune response in injected and uninjected anti-PD-1-resistant tumours.31 A randomised Phase 3 trial assessing IMO-2125 plus ipilimumab in patients who have progressed on previous anti-PD-1 therapy is ongoing.102 Phase 2 data show that the addition of canerpaturev to ipilimumab can lead to responses in a minority of patients previously treated with anti-PD-1 therapy.101. Here, TLR9 is linked to neoplasm.