VEGFA and gestational diabetes: On the contrary, immunohistochemistry staining of increased VEGF protein in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells of GDM chronic villi [38, 39], flow cytometry identifying elevated levels of VEGF receptors on endothelial progenitor cells from GDM women [40], and increased cytokine production from Hofbauer and placental cells [41] were all associated with enhanced angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in GDM.