DEGs associated with cell migration (CD24, AQP1), cellular assembly (FLNB, CELSR1), and skin formation and healing process (EDN1, HBEGF, TGFB2, CTGF) were significantly upregulated in GDM-CMSCs compared to H-CMSCs (Fig. 2a and Additional file 2: Figure S2a). Here, CCN2 is linked to gestational diabetes.