CSF2 and mucositis: Topical GM-CSF treatment significantly reduced the duration and time to resolution of OM, including the pretreatment plus treatment periods (P=0.0008), as well as the duration of treatment until the complete remission of lesions (P<0.0001) when compared with AA. Topical GM-CSF may therefore be the treatment of choice for OM induced by standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. The mucositis grade was measured using the WHO scale. The study was limited by the lack of description of the pain measurement scale.