CSF2 and infection: In a statistical analysis, GM-CSF was not superior to conventional mouthwash in terms of OM, pain perception, incidence of secondary infection, and abnormal hematological parameters. Therefore, topical GM-CSF is not recommended for the treatment of OM induced by chemoradiotherapy in patients with HNC. The mucositis grade was determined using the WHO scale. Pain intensity was measured using a VAS.