AXIN2 and cancer: Previous studies have found several genes implicated in both nsCL/P and cancer (Dunkhase et al., 2016), notably CDH1 (Hozyasz et al., 2014; Machado et al., 2017; Vogelaar et al., 2012) which is linked to gastric and breast cancer (Pharoah, Guilford, & Caldas, 2001), and AXIN2 (Letra, Menezes, Granjeiro, & Vieira, 2009; Letra et al., 2012; Machado et al., 2017; Mostowska et al., 2012) which is associated with colorectal cancer and tooth agenesis (Liu et al., 2000; Lammi et al., 2004).