Previous studies have proposed several candidate biomarkers (interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells type 1, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, and the mid-region fragment of pro-adrenomedullin) to assist VAP diagnosis in serum, plasma or BAL (10, 11, 12, 13). Here, ADM is linked to ventilator-associated pneumonia.