SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Instead, the observed downregulation of VCAM-1 is supported by previous studies examining ALS tissues, which documented decreased levels of VCAM-1 in the sensorimotor cortex, cranial nuclei and spinal cord of SOD-1G93A mice and an absence of elevation in VCAM-1 levels in the spinal cords of mSOD-1 mice [74,75].