Accordingly, in a study by Sabayan et al. [17], a higher NT-proBNP level was associated with alterations of brain structure and function, independently of cardiovascular risk factors and of cardiac output, suggesting that NT-proBNP may be directly related to age-dependent structural and functional brain changes, including decline in brain tissue volume, cognitive impairment, and increased depressive symptoms. Here, NPPB is linked to Cognitive impairment.