Again, in the COMET-IPF study, it has been reported that the decrease in the diversity of bacterial communities in the lung is significantly associated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors (IL-1β, CXCL8, MIP-1α, G-CSF, VEGF and EGF) [71]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL3 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.