Elevated MUC13 induces the metastatic ability, tumor growth, and lung metastasis of CC cells in vivo and in vitro by reducing tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)1 and inducing matrix metalloprotease (MMP)9 expression by MUC13/EGFR complex-mediated activation of EGFR/AKT and reducing the expression of the microRNA miR-212-3p as a tumor suppressor [53]. Here, TIMP1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.