By contrast, the pharmacological stimulation of A3 receptors with IB-MECA resulted effective in protecting against colitis through the reduction of inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) and chemokine (i.e., macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-2) levels in colonic tissues [65] (Figure 2). Here, IL1B is linked to colitis.