In a study in surgical ICU patients with and without DM, intensive glycemic control with insulin (targeting blood glucose levels between 4.4–6.1 mmol/L) reduced hospital-acquired infections and lethal sepsis, neuropathy, acute renal failure, blood transfusions and the risk of multiple organ failure and death versus conventional insulin treatment (blood glucose levels 10–11.1 mmol/L); these beneficial effects were attributed to the decrease in hyperglycemia and not to insulin use [88]. Here, INS is linked to acute kidney injury.