TNF and COVID-19: Evidence has shown that COVID-19 elevates proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon γ (IFN-γ)-induced protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α (MIP-1α) [61,62,63].