TNF and breast cancer: Although additional in vivo studies are warranted to validate the clinical efficacy of DK4023 in a metastasis animal model, we propose that DK4023 can serve as a promising agent to target the TNFα-ERK1/2 MAPK-EGR-1-MMP9 signaling pathway for the development of a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic adjuvant, which can be used in combination with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy against metastatic cancers, particularly breast cancer.