TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Similarly, the accrual in EXs of the trans-active response DNA-binding proteolipid of 43 kDa (TDP-43), a neurotoxic and pathological hallmark for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD), may be part of a critical shuttling pathway for the clearance of TDP-43 from diseased brain cells (Iguchi et al., 2016) [18].