TAS2R38 and congenital rubella syndrome: Cohen et al. demonstrated that upper airway epithelial cells from individuals with one or two nonfunctional TAS2R38 alleles (AVI) have significantly blunted nitric oxide and ciliary responses following exposure to Gram negative quorum-sensing molecules and that these individuals are more likely to be infected with Gram negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa than those with two functional receptor alleles, and to develop CRS [76].