CXCR4 and neoplasm: It has been reported that cytokines and pro-inflammatory TME promote the phosphorylation of NF-κB and the expression of proliferative (cyclin D1), metastatic (MMP-9, CXCR4) tumor-promoting proteins and inhibit apoptosis (caspase-3), which have a p65-NF-κB binding site in their promoters [48,49,50,51,52,53].