TNF-α and TNF-α:IL-10 responses to the TLR2 ligand HKLM were lower in HCMV+ females as compared to the HCMV- females (TNF-α: unadjusted p = 0.021, adjusted p = 0.022; TNF-α:IL-10: unadjusted p = 0.038, adjusted p = 0.021) (Figure 1A), whereas there was no apparent effect of HCMV infection in females or males on TNF-α responses to the other three TLR ligands—LPS, flagellin or CLO75 (Table 2 and Table 7). Here, TNF is linked to cytomegalovirus infection.