EGFR and cancer: Capsaicin utilizes several signaling pathways to control cancer cell migration and invasion, including the MMP signaling pathway; adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK); epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation; VEGF; intracellular calcium elevation; tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX); MMPs; Akt; Wnt-Hedgehog regulation; and p38 MAP kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), AP-1, NF-kB, and Rac1 inhibition [161,162].