Our results are summarized in Figure 1 and indicate that Gal-3 deficient mice do not develop PBC after N. aromaticivorans infection due to insufficient NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent dendritic cells activation, which results in inadequate activation and differentiation of other immune cells that play a significant role in PBC pathogenesis, particularly NK, NKT and IL-17 producing T cells. Here, IL17A is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.