SMAD3 and neoplasm: Treatment with nobiletin has resulted in anti-oncogenic effects in multiple cancer cell lines and tumor types by affecting major pathways including protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1)/SMAD3, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).