Furthermore, multiple studies have shown that there is a very high prevalence of cognitive impairment in ARDS survivors, from between 70–100% at hospital discharge, to 46–80% at one year, and persisting in 20% at five years89–91, which strongly argues for extended treatment with GM-CSF/sargramostim, given its ability to improve cognition in several animal models and reverse cognitive impairment associated with chemotherapy and neurodegeneration. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Cognitive impairment.