LPA and diabetic retinopathy: investigated the association between Lp(a) concentration and diabetic retinopathy in patients with T2D and found that the patient group with the highest concentrations of both Lp(a) and HbA1c (≥7%) had a statistically significant OR for diabetic retinopathy compared with the patients with lower concentrations of both factors, indicating a combined effect of Lp(a) and HbA1c.