AKT1 and brain ischemia: AST was also able to activate the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway in brain tissues and reduced isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and their downstream target, protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, ultimately promoting axonal regeneration in the cerebral cortex and improving motor function [17], which is similar to our previous report on the neuroprotective effect of AST in mice subjected to repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion [18].